Publicación: Evaluación de la erodabilidad de algunos suelos de Chile de uso actual forestal mediante índices basados en propiedades del suelo de fácil medición
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La humanidad ha dado diferentes usos al suelo, que en ocasiones están asociados a
prácticas no sustentables que generan la degradación de este recurso. Por lo tanto, es
relevante el estudio de las propiedades y procesos intrínsecos del suelo que puedan influir
en la disminución de los procesos degradativos. Entre los procesos que disminuyen la
susceptibilidad a la degradación se encuentra la acción de agentes cementantes (presencia
de e.g. carbonatos y materia orgánica) y como propiedades se puede mencionar la
evaluación de índices más complejos que muestran la susceptibilidad del suelo a la
disgregación y transporte de sus partículas por agentes erosivos. Esto último se enmarca
dentro del concepto de erodabilidad.
En Chile no existe gran cantidad de estudios que determinen estas propiedades;
generalmente se ha utilizado el factor de erodabilidad K de la Ecuación Universal de
Pérdidas de Suelo (USLE) para comprender dicha cualidad. El objetivo de este estudio fue
evaluar la erodibilidad de algunos suelos chilenos ubicados, en las zonas norte, centro y
centro – sur del país, utilizando índices con propiedades de suelo de fácil medición. En este
sentido, se compararon la relación mecánica de Bouyoucos (KB), el índice de separabilidad
de partículas (ISP) y el índice de sellado – encostrado (ISE), con el índice deteminado en la
USLE. También se estimaron tasas de erosión mediante pauta de campo de Stocking y
Murnaghan, USLE y USLE modificada, para determinar el grado de erosión de los suelos
en estudio.
Por último, se evaluó el porcentaje de materia orgánica y el contenido de carbonatos, para
determinar sus influencias en los índices de erodabilidad. Se muestrearon suelos
superficiales (0-10 cm) bajo cobertura y sin cobertura vegetal y se caracterizaron
ambientalmente los puntos de muestreo en las zonas norte, centro y centro – sur del país. Se
realizaron análisis de correlación de rangos de Spearman entre los índices de erodabilidad y
el índice K. El ISE presentó una correlación significativa con K en todas las zonas de
estudio, mientras que ISP solo en la zona centro – sur, KB no obtuvo correlación
significativa. Las tasas de erosión estimadas, - USLE y USLE modificada -, presentaron una
baja correlación con la Pauta de campo. Por su parte USLE, mostró que la erosión es
menor en la zona centro – sur y mayor en la zona centro. La cantidad de carbonatos tiene
una correlación importante con ISE. Por lo tanto, se podría considerar la cantidad de
carbonatos en el uso de ISE, particularmente en suelos de zonas áridas, donde el contenido
de carbonatos puede ser un agente de cementación y de agregación importante, que puede
contrarrestar por lo general, las pequeñas cantidades de materia organica del suelo.
El ISE mostró ser el más adecuado para determinar erodabilidad, por su alta correlación con
K y sensibilidad a los agentes cementantes.
Durring the history, mankind has given different uses to the soil; in some cases these uses have been associated to non-sustainable practices that have led to the degradation of this natural resource. Hence, the study of intrinsic soil properties that can reduce land degradation are of great relevance. Among the factors that can decrease the susceptibility to soil degradation, is the presence of cementing agents (e.g. carbonates and organic matter). Thus, soil indexes that include the effect of cementing agents allow a better understanding of the susceptibility of soils to disaggregation and particle transport by erosive agents such as water. This susceptibility is usually framed within the concept of erodibility. In Chile there are few studies that have determined erodibility indexes. The erodibility factor K from the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been the most common one to comprehend the susceptibility of soils to erosion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the erodibility of some chilean soils located in the North, Central and South- Central part of the country, by using indexes contructed with soil properties of easy measurement. In this regard, the mechanical relation of Bouyoucos (KB), the particle separability index (ISP), and the crusted - sealing index (ISE) were compared with the empirical index of the USLE model. Also, the rates of soil erosion were estimated by the field approach of Stocking and Murnhagam, the USLE model, and a modified USLE model. We finally evaluated, the effect of organic matter and carbonate contents and their influence in some of the erodibility indexes. Soil samples of topsoil horizons (0-10 cm) were extracted in zones under plant cover as well as in zones without vegetation coverage. Spearman ranks correlation between K, KB, ISP, and ISE was performed. The ISE showed a significant correlation with K in all the studied areas, meanwhile the ISP only showed a significant correlation with K in soils from the South Central zone. The KB index had no significant correlation with K. The rates of erosion estimated, by the USLE and modified USLE, increased from South to North. The amount of carbonate had an important correlation with ISE. Hence, the use of the ISE should consider the amount of carbonates, particularly in soils of arid zones, were carbonate contents can be an important cementing and aggregating agent that can counteract the usually small amounts of soil organic matter. Due to the high correlation of ISE with K and its sensitivity to the presence of cementing agents, the ISE seems to be the most suitable index for the measurement of soil erodibility.
Durring the history, mankind has given different uses to the soil; in some cases these uses have been associated to non-sustainable practices that have led to the degradation of this natural resource. Hence, the study of intrinsic soil properties that can reduce land degradation are of great relevance. Among the factors that can decrease the susceptibility to soil degradation, is the presence of cementing agents (e.g. carbonates and organic matter). Thus, soil indexes that include the effect of cementing agents allow a better understanding of the susceptibility of soils to disaggregation and particle transport by erosive agents such as water. This susceptibility is usually framed within the concept of erodibility. In Chile there are few studies that have determined erodibility indexes. The erodibility factor K from the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) has been the most common one to comprehend the susceptibility of soils to erosion. The objective of this study was to evaluate the erodibility of some chilean soils located in the North, Central and South- Central part of the country, by using indexes contructed with soil properties of easy measurement. In this regard, the mechanical relation of Bouyoucos (KB), the particle separability index (ISP), and the crusted - sealing index (ISE) were compared with the empirical index of the USLE model. Also, the rates of soil erosion were estimated by the field approach of Stocking and Murnhagam, the USLE model, and a modified USLE model. We finally evaluated, the effect of organic matter and carbonate contents and their influence in some of the erodibility indexes. Soil samples of topsoil horizons (0-10 cm) were extracted in zones under plant cover as well as in zones without vegetation coverage. Spearman ranks correlation between K, KB, ISP, and ISE was performed. The ISE showed a significant correlation with K in all the studied areas, meanwhile the ISP only showed a significant correlation with K in soils from the South Central zone. The KB index had no significant correlation with K. The rates of erosion estimated, by the USLE and modified USLE, increased from South to North. The amount of carbonate had an important correlation with ISE. Hence, the use of the ISE should consider the amount of carbonates, particularly in soils of arid zones, were carbonate contents can be an important cementing and aggregating agent that can counteract the usually small amounts of soil organic matter. Due to the high correlation of ISE with K and its sensitivity to the presence of cementing agents, the ISE seems to be the most suitable index for the measurement of soil erodibility.
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Fuentes Espoz, J.. (2017). Evaluación de la erodabilidad de algunos suelos de Chile de uso actual forestal mediante índices basados en propiedades del suelo de fácil medición. [Tesis, Universidad de Chile].